These are the slides from my presentation January 5th, 2023 to the Building Blocks for Child Care (B2C2) webinar on expansion of child care in Ontario. The table of wages in different occupations in Ontario that supports the chart in this presentation is also posted on this website nearby.
Are the Wages of Early Childhood Educators Competitive With Other Occupations?
Young women and men make career decisions early in life based upon their capabilities, their interests and the amount of money they might expect to earn. If there are shortages of early childhood educators, wage levels need to be increased to recruit more educators and retain the ones you have.
Why do we have a huge problem recruiting and retaining staff in licensed child care across Canada? Fundamentally, it is because the wages of early childhood educators and assistants are not competitive with other occupations that require a college education. Simple as that, really.
This first table shows the latest data from Job Bank about the hourly wage levels in a range of occupations that require a college education, specialized training or apprenticeship training. Early childhood educators and assistants appears at the top. Then, health occupations requiring a college education are grouped together, followed by occupations in education and law and in social, community and government services. The final group of occupations are in business, finance and administration. Early childhood educators and assistants across Canada earn an average wage of $20.88 an hour, which is lower than all the others. Read and weep.
| NOC Code | Occupation Title | Average Hourly Wage |
|---|---|---|
| 4214 | Early Childhood Educators and Assistants | $20.88 |
| 3222 | Dental Hygienist and Dental Therapists | $39.45 |
| 3223 | Dental Technicians and Lab Assistants | $25.09 |
| 3232 | Practitioners of Natural Healing | $34.41 |
| 3233 | Licensed Practical Nurses | $28.28 |
| 3234 | Paramedical Occupations | $34.68 |
| 3236 | Massage Therapists | $34.36 |
| 4211 | Paralegal and Related Occupations | $31.31 |
| 4212 | Social and Community Service Workers | $25.18 |
| 4214 | Early Childhood Educators and Assistants | $20.88 |
| 4215 | Instructors of Persons with Disabilities | $28.51 |
| 4216 | Other Instructors | $23.09 |
| 1221 | Administrative Officers | $29.00 |
| 1222 | Executive Assistants | $31.38 |
| 1241 | Administrative Assistants | $24.87 |
| 1242 | Legal Administrative Assistants | $26.22 |
| 1243 | Medical Administrative Assistants | $22.78 |
| 1253 | Records Management Technicians | $29.21 |
Where does the average wage of early childhood educators and assistants apparently fit on the ladder of occupations? It is similar to the wages paid for occupations requiring only a high school education or on-the-job training. Even here, many of the other occupations are paid better than child care.
See the table below that lists occupations requiring only a high-school education, except for the first occupation in which early childhood educators require a college education.
| NOC Code | Occupation Title | Average Hourly Wage |
|---|---|---|
| 4214 | Early Childhood Educators and Assistants | $20.88 |
| 3411 | Dental Assistants | $25.37 |
| 3413 | Nurses’ Aides, Orderlies and Service Associates | $21.54 |
| 3414 | Other Assisting Occupations in Health Services | $21.83 |
| 4411 | Home Child Care Providers | $18.03 |
| 4412 | Home Support Workers, Housekeepers and Related | $19.02 |
| 4413 | Elementary and Secondary School Teacher Assistants | $23.51 |
| 1411 | General Office Support Workers | $23.30 |
| 1414 | Receptionists | $19.79 |
| 1415 | Personnel Clerks | $25.79 |
| 1422 | Data Entry Clerks | $22.54 |
| 1511 | Mail, Postal and Related Workers | $22.49 |
| 1513 | Couriers, Messengers and Door-to-Door Distributors | $19.38 |
| 1521 | Shippers and Receivers | $20.66 |
The message is clear. If we want to expand early childhood education as a profession and have enough educators to offer good quality care at $10 a day, there is no real alternative to raising the wages. Simple as that.
How much do Early Childhood Educators earn?
How much do Early Childhood Educators earn? Everyone knows that their wages are low – too low – but it’s hard to find a reliable source of data to make wage comparisons.
One very interesting data source is a Government of Canada web site called Job Bank (www.jobbank.gc.ca). It’s a web site designed to help people find jobs and plan their careers by providing information. And it has a lot of data on many different occupations in many different geographic locations in Canada.
The data on Early Childhood Educators comes from the Labour Force Survey, a monthly survey conducted by Statistics Canada that produces well-known updates of unemployment rates in Canada, but also collects detailed information about wages and occupations. Each month there are about 54,000 households that respond to the survey about members of their household.
Early Childhood Educators are part of an occupation called Early Childhood Educators and Assistants. You might know it as occupation 4214 in the National Occupational Code. However, there is a new revision of this coding system and in future Early Childhood Educators and Assistants will be known as NOC 42202.
The chart below shows the latest data available for the wages of Early Childhood Educators and Assistants from the Job Bank web site. We get information on the average hourly wage rate (grey line), the “low wage” level (blue line; this is the 10th percentile of the wage distribution), and the “high wage” (orange line; this is the 90th percentile of the wage distribution). The exact number for the average wage is shown as a set of data labels on the chart.
The data seems very precise and useful. It tells us that the average wage across Canada is $20.88 per hour. However, hourly wages range from about $15 an hour to about $26.50 per hour when we look at the range from the 10th percentile to the 90th percentile. We can also see that some jurisdictions have lower wages (the Atlantic Provinces, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta) compared to other jurisdictions. We could download similar data from other years and see how wages have changed over time.
However, the precision of this data is somewhat illusory. We are, perhaps, interested in finding out the hourly wages of program staff with certificate, diploma or university qualifications (early childhood educators) separately from the hourly wages of early childhood educator assistants who don’t have this level of qualifications. This data source does not allow us to do this; both educators and educator assistants are grouped together in the same occupation. Similarly, we can’t get data separately on supervisors and directors as opposed to ECEs that are exclusively employed in direct contact with children.
There’s another problem as well. We might well be interested only in program staff working in licensed child care centres. However, this occupation (NOC 42202) includes early childhood educators that work in kindergartens and other early childhood services as well as those in licensed centres.[1] Elementary School Teachers’ Aides are in a different occupation, as are family home care providers, but still NOC 42202 does not give us a wage for licensed child care centre employees only.
A major alternative source of data is available for Ontario. This comes from a census survey of all licensed child care providers in the province that is conducted annually by the Ministry of Education. The last data that has been released on wages is from 2019 (!) https://www.ontario.ca/page/ontarios-early-years-and-child-care-annual-report-2020.
It is likely that the Ministry of Education has data from 2022, but this has not yet been published. Here is the data from the 2019 Ontario survey.
This Ontario wage data is collected from centres, so reflects only the wages that are paid to staff in licensed child care centres. Centre directors are asked to report how many staff with different qualification levels have hourly wages in a number of different ranges. Wages for early childhood educators with an RECE are reported separately from wages for staff in an RECE position but who needed a director’s approval because of lack of full qualification. Wages for other program staff (without formal qualifications) are also reported. Because the data is collected in ranges, it is not possible to calculate either the average wage or the median wage for RECEs and other program staff.
The median wage is, however, the wage of the staff member in the 50th percentile position. With 47% of RECEs having hourly wages of $20 or less and 53% of RECEs having hourly wages of over $20, it would appear that the median wage of RECEs in child care centres in Ontario in 2019 was very close to $20. By the same logic, we can say that the median wage for staff with a director’s approval and for other program staff was between $15.01 and $20.
If I use the Job Bank web site to get data on Early Childhood Educators and Assistants for Ontario in 2019, I find that the median wage in 2018-2019[2] was $19.75 and for 2019-2020 was $20. Interestingly, this median is very close to the estimate for RECEs in Ontario that comes from the Ontario annual census survey.
In my next blog post, I will look at wage comparisons based on the Job Bank data.
[1] For example, the Annual Report of Ontario’s College of Early Childhood Educators for 2020-21 tells us that only 56% of Registered Early Childhood Educators (RECEs) in the province are actually employed in licensed child care. Another 32% are employed in the education sector and 12% elsewhere.
[2] Job Bank uses two years of Labour Force Survey data to get its wage estimates for NOC 42202, averaging the wage reports over the surveys from that two-year period.
Child Care Wages and Workforce Strategies – Looking at Australia: What Do They Have That We Need?
Canada has a crisis on its hands – a child care workforce crisis. Already, child care operators across the country are unable to find staff; rooms are closing and centres are closing because of the inability to attract and retain early childhood educators. That’s BEFORE the estimated need for 60,000 new early childhood educators as we move to $10 a day child care.
Australia is not the first country that springs to mind when looking for child care policies to emulate. For instance, Australia funds child care with vouchers that encourage the growth of the for-profit sector and lead to ever more expensive child care services. This kind of funding has made the buying and selling of child care real estate into big business.
However, Australia does have a wage grid and a strategy for workforce development, which jurisdictions in Canada do not have. We can learn from their example.
Australia has something called a Fair Work Commission whose job it is to design the wage grid and set the minimum wages and minimum conditions of employment in different sectors. Children’s Services is one of those sectors, and the award made by the Fair Work Commission is a legal document that child care employers have to follow. Employees can bargain for more than the minimum, but employers cannot pay less than the minimum award rate.
Here’s a link to the Fair Work Commission award for Children’s Services workers updated in November 2022. There’s a detailed classification structure of qualifications and responsibilities that forms the basis of the wage grid. The wage grid lays out the minimum hourly and weekly rates that can be paid for different classification levels in children’s services occupations. The two most frequent qualification levels are for staff with a Certificate III in Children’s Services (typically a 6-month course) and a Diploma in Children’s Services (typically an 18-month course). The current award sets the starting hourly rate for less qualified staff (Certificate III) at $24.76 per hour and for qualified educators with a Diploma at $29.17 per hour. Wages rise above these starting rates with increased experience. Minimum hourly rates for a Director of a child care centre (called long day care) range from about $35 to $40 depending on the size of the centre and experience.
The Children’s Services Award covers many but not all ECEC employees – most others are covered by the Educational Services (Teachers) Award. That award sets out the wage grid for Early Childhood Teachers (ECTs) who have a Bachelor degree qualification (typically a 4-year course) or higher. All ECEC services in Australia must engage or have access to an ECT for a particular amount of time per week, determined by the number of children in attendance. Entry-level pay for an ECT is $32.20 per hour and increases with experience.
Since late 2019, Education Ministers across Australia have led a process involving extensive consultation to develop a ten-year strategy to build up and support the children’s education and care workforce. It lists 21 actions – short, medium and long term – to be implemented over the ten-year period. There is an implementation and evaluation plan to shape and ensure progress of this workforce strategy.
On top of all that, Australia is collecting detailed data about its workforce from all service providers (response rate of 99%). There is a National Workforce Census, which is a population survey of early childhood education and care service providers across Australia. It collects data on service usage, children with additional needs, access to programs and staffing. On the workforce specifically, the census collects information about hours of work, qualifications, exemptions from qualification requirements, experience and tenure, professional development, gender, age, and Indigenous status of staff members. The survey also collects data about whether these staff members earn the award-level wage (as determined by the Fair Work Commission) or a higher wage, and if higher by how much. So, for instance, in the 2021 Workforce Census report we find that 57% of contact staff in child care centres earned the award rate, 34% earned above the award rate and for 9% of staff the wage rate was unknown.
None of this is perfect, of course. Early childhood educators in Australia still receive low wages relative to many other workers and there is a movement for an immediate wage rise to keep educators in the sector. However, many of the elements necessary to know about and improve wages and working conditions are in place in Australia. I wish I could say the same about Canada.
Accessibility and Quality of Child Care Services in Quebec
These (link below in next paragraph) are slides from a recent webinar presentation I made along with colleagues from Équipe de recherche Qualité des contextes éducatifs de la petite enfance at UQAM. You can listen to the French version of my talk https://youtu.be/R-JIAjvfQew or the whole webinar https://qualitepetiteenfance.uqam.ca/evenement/leducation-a-la-petite-enfance-sinvite-dans-la-campagne-electorale-27-septembre-2022/
But, I have also reproduced most of that talk in English here:
Christa Japel has also done similar work here https://childcarecanada.org/blog/learning-experience-access-and-quality-qu%C3%A9bec%E2%80%99s-profit-child-care